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Bitter almond (Prunus amygdalus Batch var. amara (DC.) Focke) and Laetrile

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References

Natural Standard developed the above evidence-based information based on a thorough systematic review of the available scientific articles. For comprehensive information about alternative and complementary therapies on the professional level, go to . Selected references are listed below.

  • Araya E, Rodriguez A, Rubio J, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of diverse analogs of amygdalin as potential peptidomimetics of peptide T. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005 Mar 1;15(5):1493-6.
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  • Beamer WC, Shealy RM, Prough DS. Acute cyanide poisoning from laetrile ingestion. Ann Emerg Med 1983;12(7):449-451.
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  • Chan TY. A probable case of amygdalin-induced peripheral neuropathy in a vegetarian with vitamin B12 deficiency. Ther Drug Monit 2006;28(1):140-141.
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  • Chang LW, Zhu HP, Li WB, et al. [Protective effects of amygdalin on hyperoxia-exposed type II alveolar epithelial cells isolated from premature rat lungs in vitro]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2005 Feb;43(2):118-23.
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  • Gill JR, Marker E, Stajic M. Suicide by cyanide: 17 deaths. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2004 Jul;49(4):826-8.
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  • Hamada A, Yoshioka S, Takuma D, et al. The effect of Eriobotrya japonica seed extract on oxidative stress in adriamycin-induced nephropathy in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2004 Dec;27(12):1961-4.
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  • Liegner KB, Beck EM, Rosenberg A. Laetrile-induced agranulocytosis. JAMA 1981 Dec 18;246(24):2841-2842.
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  • Milazzo S, Ernst E, Lejeune S, et al. Laetrile treatment for cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(2):CD005476.
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  • Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Rubin J, et al. A clinical trial of amygdalin (Laetrile) in the treatment of human cancer. N.Engl.J.Med. 1982 Jan 28;306(4):201-206.
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  • Moss RW. Patient perspectives: Tijuana cancer clinics in the post-NAFTA era. Integr Cancer Ther 2005 Mar;4(1):65-86.
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  • Shragg TA, Albertson TE, Fisher CJ, Jr. Cyanide poisoning after bitter almond ingestion. West J Med 1982;136(1):65-69.
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  • Vickers A. Alternative cancer cures: "unproven" or "disproven"? CA Cancer J Clin 2004 Mar-Apr;54(2):110-8.
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  • Vickers AJ, Kuo J, Cassileth BR. Unconventional anticancer agents: a systematic review of clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 1-1-2006;24(1):136-140.
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  • Willhite CC. Congenital malformations induced by laetrile. Science 1982 March 19;215(4539):1513-1515.
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  • Zhu H, Chang L, Li W, et al. Effect of amygdalin on the proliferation of hyperoxia-exposed type II alveolar epithelial cells isolated from premature rat. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2004;24(3):223-5.
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