Carrageenan (Chondrus crispus)

Natural Standard developed the above evidence-based information based on a thorough systematic review of the available scientific articles. For comprehensive information about alternative and complementary therapies on the professional level, go to . Selected references are listed below.

• Bonferoni, MC, Chetoni, P, Giunchedi, P, et al. Carrageenan-gelatin mucoadhesive systems for ion-exchange based ophthalmic delivery: in vitro and preliminary in vivo studies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2004;57(3):465-472.
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• Borthakur, A, Bhattacharyya, S, Dudeja, PK, et al. Carrageenan induces interleukin-8 production through distinct Bcl10 pathway in normal human colonic epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest.Liver Physiol 2007;292(3):G829-G838.
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• Buck, CB, Thompson, CD, Roberts, JN, et al. Carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of papillomavirus infection. PLoS Pathog. 2006;2(7):e69.
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• Carlucci, MJ, Scolaro, LA, and Damonte, EB. Herpes simplex virus type 1 variants arising after selection with an antiviral carrageenan: lack of correlation between drug susceptibility and syn phenotype. J Med Virol. 2002;68(1):92-98.
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• Coggins, C, Blanchard, K, Alvarez, F, et al. Preliminary safety and acceptability of a carrageenan gel for possible use as a vaginal microbicide. Sex Transm Infect. 2000;76(6):480-483.
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• Cummins, JE, Jr, Guarner, J, Flowers, L, et al. Preclinical testing of candidate topical microbicides for anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity and tissue toxicity in a human cervical explant culture. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(5):1770-1779.
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• Elias, CJ, Coggins, C, Alvarez, F, et al. Colposcopic evaluation of a vaginal gel formulation of iota-carrageenan. Contraception 1997;56(6):387-389.
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• Kilmarx, PH, van de Wijgert, JH, Chaikummao, S, et al. Safety and acceptability of the candidate microbicide Carraguard in Thai Women: findings from a Phase II Clinical Trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 11-1-2006;43(3):327-334.
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• Ogino, M, Majima, M, Kawamura, M, et al. Increased migration of neutrophils to granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in rat carrageenin-induced pleurisy: roles of complement, bradykinin, and inducible cyclooxygenase-2. Inflamm Res. 1996;45(7):335-346.
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• Panlasigui, LN, Baello, OQ, Dimatangal, JM, et al. Blood cholesterol and lipid-lowering effects of carrageenan on human volunteers. Asia Pac.J.Clin.Nutr. 2003;12(2):209-214.
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• Perotti, ME, Pirovano, A, and Phillips, DM. Carrageenan formulation prevents macrophage trafficking from vagina: implications for microbicide development. Biol Reprod. 2003;69(3):933-939.
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• Raouf, AH, Hildrey, V, Daniel, J, et al. Enteral feeding as sole treatment for Crohn's disease: controlled trial of whole protein v amino acid based feed and a case study of dietary challenge. Gut 1991;32(6):702-707.
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• Schaeffer, DJ and Krylov, VS. Anti-HIV activity of extracts and compounds from algae and cyanobacteria. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2000;45(3):208-227.
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• Tobacman, JK, Wallace, RB, and Zimmerman, MB. Consumption of carrageenan and other water-soluble polymers used as food additives and incidence of mammary carcinoma. Med Hypotheses 2001;56(5):589-598.
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• Vlieghe, P, Clerc, T, Pannecouque, C, et al. Synthesis of new covalently bound kappa-carrageenan-AZT conjugates with improved anti-HIV activities. J.Med.Chem. 3-14-2002;45(6):1275-1283.
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